====== Modern Perl ======

<wrap lo>Monday July 1, 2024</wrap>

Last year, I wrote an article detailing [[posts:2023:2023.04.26_perl_really_that_bad|my experience re-creating a Python script in Perl]]. This was a pretty cumbersome exercise, but I didn’t use many of Perl’s newer features. I decided to re-visit this, leveraging some of these newer features to see how well it improves the process.

===== Enabling Features =====

To take advantage of specific features, use the aptly named ''feature'' pragma.

You can enable an individual feature by name, and multiple features at once with ''qw()''. For example, this:

<code perl>
use feature 'fc';
use feature 'say';
</code>

Is the same as this:

<code perl>
use feature qw(fc say);
</code>

Full example:

<code perl>
use feature qw(fc say);

$x = 'Test';

say "The case-folded version of $x is: " . fc $x;
</code>

Output:

<code>
The case-folded version of Test is: test
</code>

Without ''use feature'', you’d get this:

<WRAP prewrap>
<code>
String found where operator expected (Do you need to predeclare "say"?) at ./test.pl line 7, near "say "The case-folded version of $x is: ""
syntax error at ./test.pl line 7, near "say "The case-folded version of $x is: ""
Execution of ./test.pl aborted due to compilation errors.
</code>
</WRAP>

You can also take advantage of **feature bundles**, enabling all of the features available as of a given version:

<code perl>
# implicitly loads 5.36 feature bundle

use v5.36;
</code>

But, you must also have (at least) that version of Perl installed, of course:

<code perl>
use v5.40;
</code>

<WRAP prewrap>
<code>
Perl v5.40.0 required--this is only v5.38.2, stopped at ./test.pl line 3.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at ./test.pl line 3.
</code>
</WRAP>

===== Useful Features =====

[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_5_version_history|Lots of new features have been added in recent years]], but I’ll take advantage of only a small subset of them for this exercise. I’ll be using features available in 5.38.2 and earlier.

^ Feature ^ Version ^ Notes ^
| New ''class'' feature | 5.38.0 | Adds support for object-oriented code. |
| New ''say'' built-in | 5.10.0 | Works like ''print'', adds a newline. |
| Subroutine signatures no longer considered experimental | 5.36.0 | Supports named parameters in subroutines. |

===== Refactoring As Structured Code =====

We’ll start with the first subroutine that’s called.

Here’s the original:

<code perl>
sub exec_backup_set {
    my @source_paths = @{ $_[0] };
    my $target_path  = $_[1];

    foreach my $source_path (@source_paths) {
        exec_backup( $source_path, $target_path );
    }
}
</code>

And here’s the new version, using the ''signatures'' feature to implement subroutine arguments as lexical variables:

<code perl>
sub exec_backup_set ( $target_path, @source_paths ) {
    foreach my $source_path (@source_paths) {
        exec_backup( $source_path, $target_path );
    }
}
</code>

You’ll notice that using named arguments in the method signature is a lot cleaner. But, we have to swap the **source_paths** and **target_path** arguments. Why? Since **source_paths** is an array, it’s a ‘slurpy’ argument, meaning it will reference all remaining arguments in the signature. So, if it were the first argument, it would also absorb the contents of **target_path**.

> A “slurpy” parameter is a list or hash parameter that “slurps up” all remaining arguments. Since any following parameters can’t receive values, there can be only one slurpy parameter.
>
> Slurpy parameters must come at the end of the signature and they must be positional.
>
> Slurpy parameters are optional by default.
>
> https://metacpan.org/pod/Method::Signatures#Slurpy-parameters

Next, we’ll refactor the ''exec_backup'' subroutine. Here’s the original:

<code perl>
sub exec_backup {
    my ( $source, $target ) = @_;

    my $proc_name = "rsync -lrtv --delete \"${source}\" \"${target}\"";

    unless ( -d $target ) {
        mkdir($target);
    }

    if ( -d $target ) {
        print("Syncing ${source}...\n");
        system($proc_name);
        print("Synced ${source}\n");
    }

    print("----------\n");
}
</code>

For our updated version, we’ll use the ''signatures'' feature again, along with the ''say'' feature:

<code perl>
sub exec_backup_modern ( $source, $target ) {
    my $proc_name = "rsync -lrtv --delete \"${source}\" \"${target}\"";

    unless ( -d $target ) {
        mkdir($target);
    }

    if ( -d $target ) {
        say("Syncing ${source}...");

        system($proc_name);
        
        say("Synced ${source}");
    }

    say("----------");
}
</code>

Now we have enough information to refactor our entire script. Here’s the “modern” version of our [[posts:2023:2023.04.26_perl_really_that_bad|old script]]:

<code perl>
use strict;
use warnings;

use feature 'signatures';
use feature 'say';
 
sub exec_backup ( $source, $target ) {
    my $proc_name = "rsync -lrtv --delete \"${source}\" \"${target}\"";

    unless ( -d $target ) {
        mkdir($target);
    }

    if ( -d $target ) {
        say("Syncing ${source}...");

        system($proc_name);

        say("Synced ${source}");
    }

    say("----------");
}

sub exec_backup_set ( $target_path, @source_paths ) {
    foreach my $source_path (@source_paths) {
        exec_backup( $source_path, $target_path );
    }
}
 
my @target_paths =
  ( "/target1/", "/target2/" );
 
# regular file sets
my @regular_files = (
    "/home/jimc/source1",  "/home/jimc/source2",
    "/home/jimc/source3",  "/home/jimc/source4"
);
exec_backup_set( $target_paths[0], @regular_files );
 
# large file sets
my @large_files = ( "/home/jimc/large1", "/home/jimc/large2" );
exec_backup_set( $target_paths[1], @large_files );

sleep(2);  # pause before exiting
</code>

With these changes, we have a script that’s more concise and readable.

===== Refactoring As Object-Oriented Code =====

We’ve improved the code, but what if we want to implement it using an object-oriented paradigm instead of structured? We can accomplish this using the ''class'' feature.

Let’s start with a very simple example:

<code perl>
use strict;
use warnings;

use feature 'class';
use feature 'say';

class MyUtil::Backup {

    method say_hello {
        say("Hello!");
    }
}

my $backup_obj = MyUtil::Backup->new();
$backup_obj->say_hello;
</code>

If you’re familiar with “old” Perl, this will look //very// unusual. We have a couple of new keywords we’re using, ''class'' and ''method''. In this example, we’ve defined a new class ''Backup'' in a namespace ''MyUtil''. Inside the class, we have a single callable method named ''say_hello''. We create an instance of the class named ''$backup_obj'' and then call the ''say_hello'' method. We run the code and…

<code>
class is experimental at ./fullsync_oop.pl line 9.
method is experimental at ./fullsync_oop.pl line 11.
Hello!
</code>

The code runs, but the interpreter is warning us about the experimental nature of the ''class'' and ''method'' keywords. We can suppress this with a ''no warnings'' directive. With our code now looking like this:

<code perl>
use strict;
use warnings;

use feature 'class';
use feature 'say';

no warnings 'experimental::class';

class MyUtil::Backup {
    method say_hello {
        say("Hello!");
    }
}

my $backup_obj = MyUtil::Backup->new();
$backup_obj->say_hello;
</code>

We see this:

<code>
Hello!
</code>

Now let’s add a field to hold our name, and use it in our greeting:

<code perl>
use strict;
use warnings;

use feature 'class';
use feature 'say';

no warnings 'experimental::class';

class MyUtil::Backup {

    field $name : param;

    method say_hello {
        say("Hello, $name!");
    }
}

my $backup_obj = MyUtil::Backup->new( name => 'Jim' );
$backup_obj->say_hello;
</code>

We’ve added a field named ''$name''. ''param'' indicates that the field value will be initialized in the constructor, which we call as ''MyUtil::Backup->new( name => 'Jim' )''.

When we run, we see this:

<code>
Hello, Jim!
</code>

Now we’ve learned enough to refactor our structured script, and make it object-oriented:

<code perl>
use strict;
use warnings;

use feature 'class';
use feature 'say';

no warnings 'experimental::class';

class MyUtil::Backup {

    method exec_backup ( $source, $target ) {
        my $proc_name = "rsync -lrtv --delete \"${source}\" \"${target}\"";

        unless ( -d $target ) {
            mkdir($target);
        }

        if ( -d $target ) {
            say("Syncing ${source}...");

            system($proc_name);

            say("Synced ${source}");
        }

        say("----------");
    }

    method exec_backup_set ( $target_path, @source_paths ) {
        foreach my $source_path (@source_paths) {
            $self->exec_backup( $source_path, $target_path );
        }
    }
}

my $backup_obj = MyUtil::Backup->new();

my @target_paths =
  ( "/target1/", "/target2/" );
 
# regular file sets
my @regular_files = (
    "/home/jimc/source1",  "/home/jimc/source2",
    "/home/jimc/source3",  "/home/jimc/source4"
);

$backup_obj->exec_backup_set( $target_paths[0], @regular_files );
 
# large file sets
my @large_files = ( "/home/jimc/large1", "/home/jimc/large2" );

$backup_obj->exec_backup_set( $target_paths[1], @large_files );

sleep(2);  # pause before exiting
</code>

This one’s a bit more verbose, but still pretty clean and readable.

<WRAP center round important 60%>
Note the syntax of the call to the ''exec_backup'' method from the ''exec_backup_set'' method: I had to prefix it with ''$self'' to indicate that a method of the current instance of the class is being called.
</WRAP>

===== The Verdict =====

I still don’t consider Perl to be the friendliest language in the world, but taking advantage of modern features definitely improves the experience!

===== Links To References =====

https://perldoc.perl.org/feature

https://perldoc.perl.org/5.38.0/perlclass